Classroom Discipline and Management Philosophy Essay -- Classroom Manag

The goal in our class fashion is to teach self-discipline, responsibility, cooperation, and problem-solving skills. Common causes of misbehavior take an attempt to meet unmet needs (belonging, significance, fun) a lack of needed skills (social and academic) inappropriate expectations lack of structure and a lack of sense of relevance. We will be counseling on non-punitive solutions to problems based on kindness, firmness, dignity and respect. True discipline comes from an internal locus of control (self-discipline), not an external locus of control (punishments and rewards inflicted by soul else). Some of the strategies used in our classroom will be proactive and some will be reactive. Many proactive strategies will be in place so that the use of reactive strategies is limited. These strategies include, but are not limited to . Classroom Organization- Typically a Proactive Strategy although can be reevaluated as a Reactive Strategy- Classroom is thoughtfully designed to welcome a ll children, value everyones ideas and work, support active and engaged learning, support divers(prenominal) developmental levels and learning styles, fosters independence, responsibility and cooperation, cultivates the care of materials and equipment, and gives students some choices in the learning process . Reinforcing teacher language- Proactive Strategy- Based on the idea of noticing what students are doing that we exigency them to keep doing Names concrete or specific behaviors Reflects important goals and values . Reminding teacher language- Proactive and/or Reactive Strategy- Reflects clearly established expectations May be a question or a statement Is brief and direct is used when both the teacher and th... ... be sent to a buddy room to allow them a new environment to regain composure within) . Referral to Director, Assistant Director, or School Counselor- Reactive Strategy- Referrals to individuals outside of our classroom occur occasionally when o A Students behavior p rohibits the class from moving forward in a productive way o If something occurs that the teacher believes needs flying attention that cannot be given by the teacher at that moment o Others are perceived to be in danger ReferencesNelsen, Jane. Positive Discipline. sensitive York Ballantine Books, 2006. Nelsen, Jane, Lynn Lott, and H. Stephen Glenn. Positive Discipline in the Classroom, 3rd ed. New York Three Rivers Press, 2000. Responsive Classroom, Level II Resource Book. Turner Falls, M.A. Northeast Foundation For Children, Inc., 2008.

Differentiated Instruction is Necessary to Meet the Needs of All Learne

Is differentiated instruction necessary to meet the needs of only levels of learners indoors the environment based on learning styles, interests, and readiness levels? tell apart instruction involves daily assessment, either formal or informal, lots of planning, and a classroom of learners work together as a community (Tilton, 2001). Differentiated instruction is a learner-centered instructional design model that acknowledges that students have individual learning styles, motivations, abilities, and, therefore, readiness to learn.Differentiated instruction adapts learning to the students unique differences. It is a must for instructors to learn as much about each student as possible. Understanding students jockstraps guide teachers decisions to come across appropriate materials and strategies to each learners needs. The strategies and activities are student-centered, based on readiness, planned with flexible grouping designs, and changed as needed to meet the needs of all learners. These personalized experiences give students access to all of the information and skills they can assimilate in their learning journeys (Chapman & King, 2005). This approach meets the academic and related needs of a tolerant array of diverse learners in schools (Edwards, Carr, & Siegel 2006). Effective teachers in a differentiated classroom have always considered their students uniqueness (i.e, academic needs, talents, interests, learning styles) in planning, teaching, and evaluating lessons. Tomlinson (1999) describes different features of this approach, among them the engagement of students through different learning modalities each students competition with self flexibility in various aspects of the school day teacher as diagnostician multiple ... ... substantial support (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 404-613).Sparks, D. (2005 Fall). Differentiation within team-based teacher learning. Journal of rung development, 26(4), 4. Stone, J. G. (2001 ). Building classroom community the early childhood teachers role. Scholastic Early Childhood Today, 16(3), 17-18.Tilton, L (2001). Inclusion a fresh look practical strategies to help all students succeed. Shorewood, MI Covington Cove Publications.Tomlinson, C.A. (1999). The differentiated classroom responding to the needs of all learners. Alexandria, VA ASCD.Wong, H. K., & Wong, R.T. (1991). The first days of school. Sunnyvale, CA Harry Wong Productions.Wong, H. K., and Wong R. T. (1998). The first days of school how to be on effective teacher. Mountain View, CA Harry K. Wong Publications.

Winston Churchill Essay -- essays research papers

Winston Churchill was born on November 30, 1874, at Blenheim Palace, the famous palace near Oxford that was built by the nation for put-on Churchill, the starting time duke of Marlborough. Blenheim meant a lot to Winston Churchill. It was there that he became eng shape upd to his wife, Clementine Ogilvy Hozier. He later wrote his historical masterpiece, The Life and Times of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. With English on his fathers side and American on his mothers, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill expressed the national qualities of both his parents. His name proves the richness of his historic background Winston, after the regalist family, who the Churchills married before the English Civil War Leonard, after his remarkable grandfather, Leonard Jerome of New York Spencer, the married name of a daughter of the first duke of Marlborough, from who the family descended Churchill, the family name of the first duke, which his descendants maintained after the Battle of Wate rloo. All these strands come together in a career that had no resemblance in British score for richness, length, and achievement. Churchill took a leading part in laying the foundations of the welfare state in Britain, in preparing the Royal Navy for World War I, and in settling the political boundaries in the Middle East after the war. In World War II he began as the leader of the United British kingdom and Commonwealth to resist the German domination of Europe, as an inspirer of the resistance among free people, and as a prime architect of victory. In this, and in the agitate against communism later, he do himself an essential link between the British and American people, for he saw that the best defense for the free world was for the communicative people to come together. (Down 133).Strongly historically minded, he also had predictive foresight British-American unity was the message of his last great book, A History of the English-speaking Peoples. He was a combination of a soldier, writer, artist, and statesman. He was not so good as a party politician. He stands out not solo as a great man of action, but as a writer of it too. He was a genius as a man he was charming, happy, and enthusiastic. As for personal faults, he was bound to be a great egoist so strong a personality was likely to be overbearing. He was something of a gambler, always too willing to take risks. In his ... ...ed across the Atlantic with a supply of weapons that made a beginning. On Oct. 26, 1951, at the age of 77, he again became prime minister, as well as minister of defense. As the Conservatives held a very small majority and Britain faced very demanding economic circumstances, only the old mans willpower enabled his government to survive. He held on to see the young Queen Elizabeth II crowned at Westminster in June 1953, attend as a Knight of the Garter, an honor he had received a few weeks earlier. In 1953, also, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. On April 5, 195 5, in his 80th year, he resigned as prime minister, but he continued to sit in Commons until July 1964. Churchills later years were relatively calm. In 1958 the Royal Academy devoted its galleries to a retrospective one-man show of his work. On April 9, 1963, he received, by special act of the U.S. Congress, the unique honor of being made an honorary American citizen. When he died in London on Jan. 24, 1965, at the age of 90, he was acclaimed as a citizen of the world, and on January 30 he was effrontery the funeral of a hero. He was buried at Bladon, in the little churchyard near Blenheim Palace, his birthplace.

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Essay examples -- Literary An

In her short story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been, Joyce Carol Oates presents us with a well known maxim children cannot wait to get former(a)er. Tired of her boring and powerless childhood, Connie, the main character, searches for cheap thrills she likens to adulthood. Thus, Connies surreal experience (Arnold Friends sudden and unwanted appearance in his car) represents a suppressed fear of the inevitable and unappreciated - puzzleing up.Connie, a stereotypical fifteen year old girl, views her life and her family with dissatisfaction. Jealous around her twenty-four year old sister, June, despite Junes outward plainness, and tense around her irksome mother, Connie escapes to the m each(prenominal) with her friends. She and her clique of friends touch like they own the place, and the rest of the world Everything about her had two sides to it, one for home and one for anywhere that was not home (1-2). The sense of freedom intoxicates them. Sometimes, they gazump a cross the street to a drive-in restaurant. Crossing from one world to the next, they leave the well known layout of the mall and adopt the turf of the older kids. They went up finished the maze of parked and cruising cars to the bright-lit, fly-infested restaurant, their faces pleased and expectant as if they were entering a sacred building that loomed up out of the night to give them what harbor and blessing they yearned for (2).Here, they rid themselves of average, familial and school-age problems and bask in the glory of teenagerdom, drinking from their Holy Grail of liberty. Here, listening to the music that made everything so good (2), they in the end taste the maturity they yearn for.However, growing up often comes too quickly. A boy, Eddie, soon arr... ...ate. As the last lines of the story suggest, despite her terror through the piece, she is finally forced to accept her future the vast sunlit reaches of the land behind him and on all sides of him - so much land th at Connie had never seen in advance and did not recognize except to know that she was going to it (9). After spending so much time acting more grown up than she genuinely was, she now must face the truth of growing up, despite her trepidation, like all children.With complex themes and multifaceted symbols, Oates presents a girl so eager to grow up, but not yet ready to face what that truly entails. Arnold Friend represents the bare actuality many children ignore when looking at the far unlit unknown of adulthood and growing up. In essence, this story acts as a way to warn be careful what you wish for and lifes not all its cracked up to be.

The Contribution of George and Myrtle Wilson in The Great Gatsby Essay

The Contribution of George and Myrtle Wilson in The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby is a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It is ab forth the rise, the address and the failure of American inhalation. Some minor characters such as George and Myrtle Wilson have contributed to the development of the novel by providing us a contrast of their ordering that they are living in to the richer society in Long Island as well as a contrast of ideas in terms of modern American vision. First of all, George and Myrtle Wilson are husband-and-wife who lives in the Valley of Ashes, as depicted in Chapter 2. They are the by-products of the corruption of the American Dream. As a result, their lives bordered on hardship can only be described as sustainable. In contrast, people such as Tom and Daisy Buchanan and Gatsby are the ones who have benefited from the corruption of the American Dream. This is clearly portrayed in Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 respectively on the lavish, excessive and careless li festyle and the grandeur of residence that the Buchanans and Gatsby possess. The Wilsons barely sustainable lifestyle is clearly shown in the beginning of Chapter 2 whereby the type of place that they are living in is described as a fantastic farm where ashes arrive like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens and the interior of their erect is depicted as unprosperous and bare. On the contrary, the Buchanans house is narrated as a cheerful red-and-white Georgian compound mansion overlooking the bay, the lawn started at the beach and ran towards the front door for a quarter of a mile, jumping over sun-dials and brick walls and burning gardens, while Gatsbys house is illustrated as an imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower o... ...ney and fame as she struggles to escape from her poor vicinity. However, this is not done through the hard and honest focus as she chooses to associate herself with the rich people in an attempt of gaining wealth. The fact that the still physically-intact marriage of the Wilsons symbolises that both the corrupted and true values of American Dream are co-existing together. By pairing up two people with opposite personality as a couple, Fitzgerald has allowed us to understand and compare the ideas of American Dream through the Wilsons personality.To conclude, Fitzgerald has intelligently given various important roles to certain minor characters such as George and Myrtle Wilson so that comparisons and similarities can be made out and understood. This will allow us to make our own judgement and most importantly, to fully understand the underlying themes and intention.

The Contribution of George and Myrtle Wilson in The Great Gatsby Essay

The Contribution of George and myrtle Wilson in The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby is a romance written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It is about the rise, the promise and the failure of American Dream. Some minor characters such as George and Myrtle Wilson have contributed to the development of the novel by providing us a contrast of their society that they are living in to the richer society in Long Island as well as a contrast of ideas in terms of modern American Dream. First of all, George and Myrtle Wilson are husband-and-wife who lives in the Valley of Ashes, as depicted in Chapter 2. They are the by-products of the corruption of the American Dream. As a result, their lives bordered on hardship can only be draw as sustainable. In contrast, people such as Tom and Daisy Buchanan and Gatsby are the ones who have benefited from the corruption of the American Dream. This is clearly portrayed in Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 respectively on the lavish, excessive and careless modus vivendi and the grandeur of residence that the Buchanans and Gatsby possess. The Wilsons barely sustainable lifestyle is clearly shown in the beginning of Chapter 2 whereby the type of place that they are living in is described as a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens and the interior of their kinfolk is depicted as unprosperous and bare. On the contrary, the Buchanans house is narrated as a cheerful red-and-white Georgian Colonial mansion overlooking the bay, the lawn started at the beach and ran towards the front door for a quarter of a mile, jumping over sun-dials and brick walls and burning gardens, while Gatsbys house is illustrated as an imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower o... ...ney and fame as she struggles to escape from her poor vicinity. However, this is not done through the hard and honest way as she chooses to associate herself with the rich people in an attempt of gaining wealth. The fact that the still physically-intact marriage of the Wilsons symbolises that both the corrupted and true values of American Dream are co-existing together. By pairing up two people with opposite personality as a couple, Fitzgerald has allowed us to understand and compare the ideas of American Dream through the Wilsons personality.To conclude, Fitzgerald has intelligently given various important roles to certain minor characters such as George and Myrtle Wilson so that comparisons and similarities can be made out and understood. This will allow us to make our own judgement and most importantly, to fully understand the be themes and intention.

Culture and Health Attitudes

unify States and China Health Attitudes PSYC3540 Culture, Ethnicity, and Diversity U05a1 Culture and Health Attitudes Capella University November, 2012 fall in States and China Health Attitudes Although every culture has different popular opinion of being wellnessy, they all(prenominal) sh ar the same definition. According to Mastsumoto and Juang (2013) well is defined as, a state of complete physical, psychic, and social well-being not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity (p. 180). Not only do it takes physically, intellectually, and socially well-being but diseases free to be classified as healthy in all cultures.The United States and the China culture share many differences and similarities when it comes to the belief of being healthy. Recently, there was an interview between a twenty-five year old Chinese girl and me. This girl owned her own business. She was born and raised in China but moved to the United States when she turned twenty years old. She told me she lettered that China and the United States share many differences and similarities toward being healthy. The Chinese girl told me in the interviewed in China, they mainly believe in the principle of yin and yang to be healthy.According to the Wikipedia cyclopaedia (2012), The concept of yin and yang is besides applicable to the human body for example, the upper part of the body and the back are assigned to yang which is cold foods, while the lower part of the body are believed to have the yin character which is hot foods. Yin and yang characterization also extends to the various body functions, and more importantly to disease symptoms (e. g. , cold and heat sensations are assumed to be yin and yang symptoms, respectively). Yin and yang is what Chinese batch use as a balance between good and bad health.They believe that imbalance of yin or yang is what hold ins to myopic health. For example, if a person eats too much of yin, which might be spicy foods, they are told that the yin featd them to have poor health this person sure drinks almost herbal teas to balance him or her back to good health. Although China believes in good health, there are a lot of mental health spate there. The Chinese girl also told me that there are a lot of people in China that have mental health problems over millions. or so of the mental health problems are due to depression.There are a lot of mental health patients in China that attempts self-destruction. According to Li, Philips, and Cohen (2012), More women attempt felo-de-se than men. The most frequent causes of the attempts were interpersonal conflict (87%), psychological problems (33%), and conflict between others that affected the subject (27%) (para 1). The Chinese girl said the main cause of the women attempting suicide is due to interpersonal conflict, psychological problems, and conflict with the other people. There are no solutions for the mental health problems in China.Not only do they have mental health pro blems but also degenerative diseases. China is cognize to have more chronic diseases than any other diseases. The Chinese girl told me they are known to have a high risk of cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer. Summary chronic diseases now account for an estimated 80% of deaths and 70% of disability adjusted life-years lost in China (Longde, Lingzhi, Fan, Yamin, and Burton, 2005). The chronic diseases death and the disability adjusted life-years lost are very high in China.The chronic diseases are more often than not related to high blood pressure and tobacco used. Most of these people that die from chronic diseases are middle-aged people. The Chinese girl talked about how the Chinese uses the yin and yang to diagnosis chronic diseases. She also stated they use herbal to try to cure these chronic diseases. I told the Chinese girl unlike China, the United States also have a theory they use to become healthy. I told her the United States believe in the influence of the biomedical model of health.The biomedical model of health is where the doctors look at parts of the body to figure out what is wrong with the body and fix it (Helman, 1991). An example of biomedical model of health would be a person going to the doctor because he or she is having titty pain. First, the doctor will do an roentgen ray on the chest. Secondly, the doctor will diagnosis from the x-ray of the person had a chest or a heart attack. Last, the doctor will give the person some medicine to cure his or her chest pain. psychogenic health is more common in the United States than in China.The Chinese girl stated that she read that over twenty million people in the United State have mental health (Manderscheid and Henderson, 2004) which is more than China. The age of mental health patients in the United States is over 18. Although, in the United Sates, most women suffer from mental health than men, mental is not due to depression of attempt suicide but depression of mood disorders. There is no cure for mental health problems in the United States. Not only is the United States common known for mental health problems but also diseases that lead to death.I told the girl in the interview that the United States three death diseases are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Heart disease is the first leading death in the United States. Heart disease occurs mostly in men than women it is mostly in older people (Fang, Kate, and Nora, 2011). Heart diseases are mostly could by smoking and not eating healthy. To cut the heart disease status, a person should exercise, do not smoke or quit smoking, and eat the right foods such as fruits and vegetables. Cancer is the second leading death in the United States.According to Klabunde, Brown, Ballard-Barbash, White, Thompson, Plescia, & King, (2012), Each year, approximately 350,000 persons are diagnosed with breast, cervical, or colorectal cancer in the United States, and around 100,000 die from these diseases (para. 1). There are over twenty-five percent of people in the United States diagnosed with cancer. The cause of most cancers is unknown. There is no cure of cancer. gibe is the third leading death in the United States. Fang, Kate, M. and Mary (2012) stated that over fifty percent of the United States has been diagnosed with a stroke.Stroke is known to be cause by high blood pressure, stress, high cholesterol, and smoke. The cures to be stroke free is to exercise, eat healthy, and do not smoke. In conclusion, the interviewed between the Chinese girl and I was to help realize that there are a lot of differences and similarities of being healthy in each culture. China and the United States have theories of being healthy they just have different theories China theory is called yin and yang while the United States theory is called biomedical model of health. Both China and the United States have mental problems the United States just have more.Another example of the cultures similari ties are they both have diseases that cause death such as heart disease and cancer. Reference Fang, J. , Kate, M. S. , & Nora, L. K. (2011). preponderance of coronary heart disease united states, 2006-2010. (). Atlanta, United States, Atlanta U. S. Center for indisposition Control. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/903302820? accountid=27965 Fang, J. , Kate, M. S. , & Mary, G. G. (2012). Prevalence of stroke united states, 2006-2010. (). Atlanta, United States, Atlanta U. S. Center for Disease Control. Retrieved from ttp//search. proquest. com/docview/1020131364? accountid=27965 Helman, C. G. (1991). Limits of biomedical explanation. Lancet, 337(8749), 1080. Klabunde, C. N. , PhD. , Brown, M. , Ballard-Barbash, R. , White, M. C. , ScD. , Thompson, T. , Plescia, M. , & King, S. C. , M. D. (2012). Cancer screening united states, 2010. (). Atlanta, United States, Atlanta U. S. Center for Disease Control. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/922348301? accountid=27965 Manderscheid, R. W. , & Henderson, M. J. (2004). Mental health, united states, 2002 executive ummary. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 32(1), 49-49. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/211057805? accountid=27965 Matsumoto, D. , & Juang, L. (2013). Culture and psychology (5th ed. ). Belmont, CA Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Li, X. , Phillips, M. R. , & Cohen, A. (2012). Indepth interviews with 244 female suicide attempters and their associates in northern china Understanding the process and causes of the attempt. Crisis The Journal Of Crisis Intervention And Suicide Prevention, 33(2), 66-72. doi10. 1027/0227-5910/a000108Longde, W. , Lingzhi, K. , Fan, W. , Yamin, B. , & Burton, R. (2005). Preventing chronic diseases in China. Lancet, 366(9499), 1821-1824. doi10. 1016/S0140-6736(05)67344-8 Traditional Chinese medicine. (2012). In Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 8, 2012, from http//en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title= Tra ditional_ Chinese_medicine&oldid=521839625 Zheng, S. , Song, M. , Wu, L. , Yang, S. , Shen, J. , Lu, X. & Wang, W. (2010). China Public health genomics. Public Health Genomics, 13(5), 269-275. doi http//dx. doi. org/10. 1159/000240969

Group Dynamics in Twelve Angry Men

The movie 12 Angry Men is a interest and insightful examination of a diverse sort of twelve jurors who are uncomfortably brought together to deliberate the facts of a seemingly open-and-shut murder rill. The insert is the trial of a frightened, teenaged defendant accused of stabbing and killing his father. However, there is an underlying sense that the jurors, themselves, and the American judicial system, are on trial as sanitary. The trial by jury system is supposed to produce a unanimous decision in an objective, fair and unbiased manner.This film takes to a greater extent than a glimpse behind the closed doors of a jury room and reveals that its whatsoeverthing only if what we would expect. So, what went wrong? In order to answer that question, we must regard the twelve jurors and their personalities, their ability and often inability to communicate clearly, and the positive and negative aspects of their divergence management processes. The jurors are a group of predomi nately middle-aged white males. Thats to the highest degree(predicate) where the similarities end.Their personalities, prejudices, weaknesses, socio-economic and cultural differences, priorities, ignorance, and fears often cause them to avoid the true issues of the case. The foreman of the jury ( juryman 1) is an assistant high school footb exclusively coach but lacks any natural leadership skills. Throughout the proceedings, he tries to keep the proceedings formal but is easily frustrated and sensitive when his authority or control is threatened. juror 2 is a meek and mild bank teller who seems to try to avoid conflict at all costs. juryman 3 runs a courier service and is a rude bully.He is extremely mental pictureated and biased, loud-mouthed, intolerant and temperamental. Although defiant to the end, its later discovered that his own personal conflicts greatly govern his behavior. juryman 4 is a stockbroker. Hes very logical, self-assured, and quick-scented. Its apparent early in the movie that he has an amazing recall around the evidence introduced in the case and has kept meticulous notes. Juror 5 is a reserved and quiet man. He is apparently ashamed of his slum-dwelling upbringing and indecisive at first to speak up. Its possible that he has a Hispanic heritage, but this is completely speculation.Juror 6 is a blue-collar painter. A natural follower, he seems to ingest difficulty in making his own decisions. Hes intolerant of disrespect towards the older juror. Juror 7 is a salesman whose main interest is getting to a baseball game that he has tickets for. He lacks any compassion or concern for the defendants life. Juror 8 is a patient and thoughtful architect. A natural leader, he often persuades others through his calm logical reasoning. He is focused on the dryness of the case and is able to separate others personal prejudices from the task at hand. Juror 9 is the eldest man in the group.Hes at the capitulation of his life and has uncanny powers of observation and perception. Juror 10 is an intolerant, racist, and angry man. He uses no logical reasoning skills and tries to force his emotional and bitter opinions on others. Juror 11 is a recent immigrant to the United States. He is well spoken and has a much deeper respect for the American judicial system than the rest of the group. He is polite and occasionally clever, but excessively resolute and open-minded. Juror 12 is a superficial advertising man. He seemingly lacks any real hustleions about anything as evidenced by his constant swaying to others opinions.These men all have obvious strengths and weaknesses. And, they each have their different and unique individual life experiences and attitudes. hardly its precisely those differences that affect how they are able to interact with each other (although often ineffectively) to work through the task thats been given to them. Further, the just way to convey those differences, those things that are important or u nimportant to them, is through communication. As is often the case, how we communicate with others determines the results that we achieve. If we communicate effectively, others can easily grasp our ideas and intentions.If, however, we habituate poor communications skills, our true objectives become confusing, misinterpreted, or lost altogether. Twelve Angry Men gives excellent examples of both clear, concise, and reasonable communication skills as well as inadequate, appalling, and exasperating ones. Henry Fonda (Juror 8) was far and away the nigh effective communicator of this group. Perhaps this is why he was able to lastly achieve the unlikely endeavor of swaying the other eleven jurors. After the initial vote was taken, the emotionally charged group immediately became insolent.Fonda was able to not only convey his intentions of not emotionally pre-judging the young defendant, but did so in such a way that was not directly confrontational. He openly admits that he doesnt neces sarily conceptualize the boys story, but tries to refocus the group towards the legal standards set forth by the judge. He suggests that the group spend just one hour discussing the case and calculation the facts, rather than sending the boy off to die without at least some thought. Throughout the movie Fonda is able to argue and counter-argue his doubts with a rational, thoughtful cool-headedness that do it difficult for the other jurors to deny.Juror 4 (E. G. Marshall) was also an effective communicator. His arguments for guilt were clear, concise, and matter-of-fact. However, he often presented arguments in a smug, conceited manner. I think it was only Fondas appeal to his logical side that eventually won Juror 4 over. On the other side of the coin, it was the total lack of communication skills that naughtily hampered the arguments of Juror s 3 and 10. Juror 3 (Lee J. Cobb) was abrasive and blustery. He was a bully in the worst sense of the word. He had no rational arguments of his own, and tried to use others as a springboard for his emotional personal attacks.He obviously felt very strongly about the boys guilt, (albeit for the wrong reasons), but was never able to forward any coherent reasoning to express that. Instead he used insults, assaults and threats to make up for his lack of coherent discussion. Juror 10 was just plain offensive. He was not capable of issuing any arguments, only violent outbursts of ignorant prejudice. It was precisely these types of communication and personality types that served to most influence the groups dynamics throughout the movie. Even though the initial vote was 11-1 for guilty, it can be contended that the group was possibly more divided. sextette of the jurors, (Juror s 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, and 12), raised their hands for a guilty verdict almost immediately. Yet, five of the remaining six (Juror s 2, 5, 6, 11, and 9) were initially hesitant with their vote. They raised their hands only after seeing how quickly the oth ers raised theirs. This is what Forsyth (1999) probably would have called compliance, Compliance occurs when group members privately disagree with the group, but publicly express an opinion that matches the opinions expressed by the majority of the group (179).This assumption could be reinforced by the order in which the jurors changed their votes. The five jurors originally hesitant were the first ones to permutation their votes to not guilty as the meeting progressed. The foremans inability to lead effectively was another major component of the groups dynamics in this case. Juror 1s deficiency caused the group to be more responsive to Juror 8s natural leadership skills. The toleration of Juror 8s leadership facilitated the unlikely transition of the group from a guilty verdict to one of not guilty.Forsyth (1999) explains, In general, the greater the sensed competency and group-centered motivation of the individual, the more influential the minority (185). Juror 8 gained idiosyn crasy ascribe with the group as the meeting progressed and slowly developed his credibility. These credits accumulate during the course of interaction, typically as a member contributes to the progress of the group toward desired goals (Forsyth, 1999, p. 186). Twelve Angry Men is a movie about conflict and conflict resolution. When Juror 8 raises his hand to cast the only not guilty vote he throws the group into conflict.But, it is this same conflict that enables the group to intelligently complete their task. According to Forsyth (1999), Exposure to others positions, in addition to providing additional information and prompting a more thorough analysis of that information, can also cause group members to reinterpret, or cognitively restructure, key aspects of the issue (191). After the initial vote, tempers flared, votes changed, divisions were created, emotions were exhibited, and prejudices were displayed.Throughout the rest of the movie though, the group, perhaps unconsciously, moved towards conflict resolution. belief gives way to arguing, emotions take place of logic, and the once unified group splits into factions and coalitions. This period of conflict escalation is, in most cases, followed by a reduction in conflict and, ideally, conflict resolution (Forsyth, 1999, p. 237). Insofar as conflict is resolved successfully, it has stabilizing functions and becomes an integrating component of the group relationship (Forsyth, 1999), p. 263). These twelve jurors began with conflict, proceeded through often-heated conflict escalation, and eventually came to resolution.They may not have bonded emotionally together, but they were able to produce the best results with the tools they were given. It cant be said for sure if the experience would have changed their attitudes permanently, but it is unlikely. However, it is hoped that those of us who view the film will not be so quick to judge after seeing the facts in our own situations. To convict the young man bas ed on their prejudices, emotions, or apathy would have been a travesty of justice. But, with group observation, discussion, and logical reasoning, (even if forced by conflict), we can all make better decisions.

Airline Differentiation

Airlines Differentiation In the world of airlines there is a huge market for varies airlines that offer different service to the customers to gain the competitive advantage. In the following article we will outline the differences between airlines like Emirates airline, Qatar and Air Arabia. Those airlines will mainly differ in following criterias Price is one of the most important differences that airlines would have among each other. Looking at Emirates that has competitive pricing to the rest of its rivals in standardised service quality we can say that services of the airline would affect the difference in toll among the airlines.This example shows us that Qatar Airlines as it is the first fin Star Airline that offers premium services would differ in price compare to Emirates. Customers can choose what quality of service they would receive according to the price they want to pay. Thats why we thing that airlines can be split in to three separate press categories according to the service they offer. Emirates would fit in the middle price category compare to Qatar Airlines which offers superior service for a superior price.The last category of price range we would consider Air Arabia as it has the minimum possible service but also has the lowest price range for varicose finales (An example Emirates offers return flight to Bangalore from 20th December public treasury 23d December for 2640dhs. , Qatar offers the same flight for 2350dhs, Air Arabia offers for 790dhs). In flight service would show the biggest difference among the three airlines. Looking at Emirates and Qatar airline we can fill that inflight service at Qatar would be Five Star class compare to Emirates four star.For example Qatar would offer its Five Star Award winning wines and champagnes to withdraw customers with is superior inflight entertainment system while sited in De Luxe seat. Looking at Emirates which service would differ as Emirates sets out lower standards for its guests comp are to Qatar. however Emirates still can compete with is good dinning quality on board that offers maximum possible value for money accommodated by friendliness from the inflight crew intumesce established entertainment system. One of the main differences of Emirates compared to the rest of the airlines is that Emirates has on board inflight shower system which none of ther airlines have in the world. Looking at the grassroots service that is offered by Air Arabia we can see that this Airline mainly offers flight to the final destination without any extra in price services. thither is no entertainment system on board seats are very small and food has to be paid extra if wanted. So as we can see Air Arabia would fit in to the lowest service range as it offers it services to economic class passengers. Looking at whatchamacallum we can say that Emirates and Qatar airlines try to offer maximum possible comfort for its passengers that includes pick up and drop service for its premiu m passengers.Emirates airline has a lissom advantage in convenient offering worldwide lounges for its premium class travelers which Qatar Airways doesnt. For the convenience of the passenger airlines like Emirates and Qatar offer online check in that allows the customer to target out its boarding pass and just hand in the luggage in the airport. Compare to the big airlines Air Arabia has to offer its availability for smaller destination types that are not served by the big airlines (Example Destination range of Emirates over 100 destinations same as Qatar, however Air Arabia currently fly to 65 destinations only). Safety plays an important role for all three airlines as all of those airlines above want to create a good reputation with high precaution standards for its travellers. There is minimum any safety regulations among the three airlines as they dont spare any cost when it comes to keeping its customers safe. Only Emirates has additional policy policy which provides 1 milli on dollars in case of death. Reference http//www. airarabia. com/crp_1/pr-faqs&stitle=pr-faqs&pid=127 http//www. emirates. com/ae/english/destinations_offers/route_maps/route_map. aspx http//www. qatarairways. com/ae/en/ceo-message. page

Macbeth: The Struggle Against Evil Essay

Thesis Statement In Shakespeares Macbeth, the char scraper Macbeth constantly battles against his evil nature. As the play progresses, Macbeth seems to have conk out a wholly evil tyrant, but he never fully ends his struggle against evil.IntroductionI. Macbeth a noble and virtuous characterII. Struggle with temptation and evilA. WitchesB. HimselfC. bird MacbethIII. Murder of DuncanA. in the first place the murderB. Effects of the murderIV. Murder of BanquoV. Murder of Macduffs familyVI. Lasting nobility and signs of moral senseConclusionWilliam Shakespeares primary ascendant for Macbeth was Holinsheds History of Scotland. The fictional character, Macbeth, is based mainly on the actual Macbeth who Holinshed writes about. This Scottish play is, Shakespeares chief tragic gift to the world at large (Jonson, Beaumont, Fletcher 279). Although it is his shortest play, it is often considered to be his best. In it he depicts the corruption of a soul in a way that both excites us, yet at the selfsame(prenominal) time brings fear to us (Jonson, Beaumont, Fletcher 279).He is a character with whom, we are strangely able to identify, and whose destruction we can non watch without feelings of fright and pity (Alden 276). It is a play, which becomes the private tragedy of Macbeth, a noble character whose flaws cause his downf both. In Shakespeares Macbeth, the character Macbeth constantly battles against his evil nature. As the play progresses, Macbeth seems to have become a completely evil tyrant, but he never fully ends his struggle against evil.Initially, Macbeth is portrayed as a brave, noble, and loyal man. He is well known and praised by many, including Duncan, the King of Scotland, who praises him for his loyalty and successes in battle. Macbeth seems to be the quintessence of nobility. Walter Curry states, He knows what it is to be actively loyal to king and country, to accept duty, to promote justice, amity, and piety (112). Before meeting the witches, he seems to have a definite disposition, to be resolute in his choices, and free from ambiguity (Curry 104). According to Raymond Alden, The principle point is that Macbeth is presented to us at the outset in a nobly attractive form and is actually, in some sense, a approximate man (276).When he meets the witches, they help train evil thoughts into his mind. They see, what passions drive him and what dark desires a depend their fostering (Curry 116). He struggles with these evil thoughts which are already rooted within him. His real temptation begins after earshotJohnson 2the witches predictions saying that he will become king. Curry says that the witches prophecy, arouses his passions and inflames his liking to the extent that nothing is but what is not (78). Realizing his flaws in character and that he wants the kingdom, they establish his strong sense of ambition and self-love. Curry explains that the witches, symbolize a secret world of evil spirits that with satanic cunning lie in wait for human souls, conquering the unguarded heart and rejoicing in hurling their victim to the dust of misery and sin(57). Their purpose is, to stimulate Macbeths imagination to the point of grasping some underlying emotional, moral, or intellectual content (Curry 55). Through their temptation, the witches are able to confuse and corrupt his judgement so that he is lead towards choosing the means to reach his desired goal, to become king.After the first appearance of the witches, Macbeths pride and ambition begin to overcome him. Evil thoughts of how he could obtain the crown run done his mind. He really begins to go through an internal struggle against evil. Curry says that he is too concerned not with, attaining the ultimate good, but of flattering his inordinate love of self (113). He is incapable of using correct judgement and making a reasonable decision. He knows that to become king, he will have to commit murder.He is very sensible and thinks about what the consequences o f his actions would be. He still has a strong sense of conscience although, his ambition is beginning to overtake him. Alden observes that Macbeths evil thoughts are, in the making, instead of ready made and they struggle against that sense of their vileness which we have already spy (277). Duncan is a good and virtuous king he is also Macbeths cousin. The power of his ambition is demonstrated when he says, I have no branch line / to prick the sides ofJohnson 3my intent but / vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself / and falls on th other (1.7.25-28). Vaulting ambition is his chief character flaw and his save reason to garbage down the king. Edward Dowden points out that, Shakespeare does not believe in any sudden transformation of a noble and loyal soul into that of a treasonist and murderer (223). Macbeths conscience still bothers him, change surface though he knows what course of action he should take. After much contemplation, he resolves not to kill Duncan, but his decisi on doesnt last long. Evil thoughts overcome him.Lady Macbeth is also seen as an evil with which he struggles against. She understands Macbeth very well and knows exactly how to fake him. She knows that he is a good man. This is demonstrated to us when she says, Yet I do fear thy nature / It is too full o th draw of human kindness / To catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great, / Art not without ambition, but without / the illness should attend it ( 1.5.16-20). She also knows that he will credibly not go through with his plans without her pressuring and influencing him to go through with them. She decides that she must rid of anything that interferes with him becoming king. Macbeth tells her that he has decided not to kill the king and she becomes infuriated.She knows that he is a very proud man, so by questioning his manhood she is able to convince him to kill the king. According to Curry, He dares do all that may become a man. And it is precisely this established foundation of his self-esteem that Lady Macbeth assaults. She charges him with unmasculine weakness and contemptible cowardice (118). She is a very influential force upon him and holds much power. Macbeth succumbs to the temptation and evil of his wife. Even though he has given into the temptation and evil, he continues to have a strong sense of conscience and fears the evil act which he is soon going to commit.Johnson 4Macbeth goes through a major struggle with his guilt and conscience when he commits his first murder, the murder of Duncan. Wilson Knight observes that, He himself is dispiritedly at a loss, and has little idea as to why he is going to murder Duncan (121). Macbeth is nervous and feels very guilty about murdering him. He feels so guilty that he even becomes delusional and starts imagining things. His regretting conscience and struggle against evil is demonstrated to us when directly after murdering him, he hears voices saying, Glamis hath murdered cessation, and therefore Cawdor / Shall sleep no to a greater extent Macbeth shall sleep no more (2.2.41-42). He is very remorseful and doesnt want to think about the evil act which he has just committed. His remorse and conscience is shown after killing Duncan when he says, This is a sorry sight (2.2.20). He is very rattled and on edge because of his sins. first gear after the first murder, there is a dramatic change in the Macbeths character. Curry says, It is a profound alteration in the state of his personality, an astonish dislocation of the very center of organism, which fixes itself immediately in a habit inclining to further crime (104). After murdering Duncan, its as if the good in him begins to diminish.He starts to stick out some of his conscience and begins transforming into an almost evil character. Curry quotes Thomas Aquinas in saying, when man through superstar sinful act loses honor, charity, or shame, or anything else that withdraws him from evil, he thereby falls into another sin, the first b eing the accidental cause of the second (119). He becomes less concerned with conscience, and more concerned with completing what he has already begun I am in blood stepped so far that, should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go oer (3.5.37- ). He feels like it is too late for him to turn back now, and that he has nothing left to lose at this point.Johnson 5It becomes easier for Macbeth to commit the second and third murders. A train of sins and crimes follow the first crime he commits (Curry 120). The second murder is the murder of Banquo. Banquo was wiz of his close colleagues but his, wracking passions, frayed nerves, and inordinate apprehension of the imagination, have led him to believe that Banquos knowledgeCould be a possible threat to him (Curry 127). He built it up in his mind that Banquo was the main source of all his problems and a very significant threat to his kingdom. Thinking that doing evil will be easier if he does it quickly, he says, The very firstlin gs of my heart shall be / The firstlings of my hand (4.1.147-148). Taking this irrational course of action leads to the third murder that Macbeth commits, the murder of Macduffs family. Macduff is one of the main people who oppose Macbeth and pose a major threat. Without any rational reason, and in a rage of anger, he surprises Macduffs castle and kills everyone in his family. By this time it seems as if so many of his sins have built up, and that almost all of the goodness which he initially had has left him. He frame an almost completely evil tyrant.Although finally, it seems like there is no goodness and nobility remaining in him, there is. Macbeth never fully allows himself to become whole evil. at that place are still lasting signs of conscience and integrity shown in his character. Curry explains, Macbeth remains essentially human and his conscience continues to witness the diminution of his being. There is still left necessarily some natural good in him sin cannot comple tely deprive him of his rational nature, which is the root of his inescapable inclination to virtue(133). Even when Macbeth is about to die, he demonstrates nobility by not killing himself or giving up. He also did not want to kill Macduff because he felt guilty about spilling so much of his blood already. This shows hisJohnson 6lasting conscience and virtue. Thomas Aquinas is quoted as stating that, no human being can become completely evil (Curry 89).Initially, it is easy to see all of Macbeths good virtues, but later after he has committed all of his evil acts, it becomes very difficult. Its almost as if the evil takes over and becomes second nature to him, but not quite. Doing the evil acts is always difficult for him, and through it all he is able to maintain his conscience and some virtues. He never becomes completely evil because of his conscience, which causes a great deal of mental suffering. The good in him is never fully destroyed, and we hold admiration for him even up t o the time of his death Macbeths language is the grave utterance of the very heart, conscience-sick, even to the last faintings of moral death (Jonson, Beaumont, Fletcher 230).Works CitedAlden, Raymond. Shakespeare. New York Duffield, 1922.Curry, Walter C. Shakespeares Philosophical Patterns. Ann Arbor LSU UP, 1959.Dowden, Edward. Shakespeare A Critical Study of His Mind and Art. New York Harper, 1880.Jonson, Ben, Beaumont, and Fletcher. Shakespeare. Liverpool Howell, 1874.Knight, Wilson. The Wheel of rouse Interpretations of Shakespearean Tragedy. New YorkMeridian, 1957.Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Literature, Timeless Voices, Timeless Themes The BritishTradition. Ed. Ellen Bowler et al. Saddle River, New Jers4ey Prentice, 1999. 272-361.

Questions on Short-Term Finance

What can pull offrs do to control the cash cycle? What be the tradeoffs In shortening the cash cycle? Know how to calculate Elements of the cash cycle and the operating cycle Managing the Working Capital Cycle (Chi. L) For what aspects of functional not bad(p) does monetary fuckment have responsibility? What are the two key areas of working capital policy set by financial management? What are the objectives In setting working capital asset policy? What Is the difference between temporary current assets and permanent current assets? In what ship canal can working capital assets be balanced? What is spontaneous financing of working capital assets?How is the amount to be utilise determined? What should be considered in choosing between short-run and permanent financing sources for funding working capital assets? What are the tradeoffs? How can the lifetime of assets be matched to the maturity of funding sources (I. E. , what Is a restrictive working capital financing strategy)? How can working capital assets be financed more flexibly than with a restrictive strategy? How can they be financed more aggressively? change Management (Chi. L & Chi. 2) What is the focus of short-term financial planning? What are the steps of the short-term financial planning process?How are cash collections annunciate? How are cash disbursements forecast? What are the elements of a typical cash budget? Why is short-term debt appropriate for covering short-term cash deficits? What are the typical sources of short-term funds? What Is a line of realisation? What are the tradeoffs in cash? What is cash? How are borrowing reserves and marketable securities want cash? What is float? What types of float exist? Why do we care about float? How do we deal with float? What tools can we use to manage float? What is a locker arrangement? How do we compare costs and benefits of a locker?How does using a locker help us to manage risk? Elements of a cash budget Float time, float balances Co sts and benefits of lockers Credit and Inventory Management Managing Accounts Receivable/Setting Credit Policy (Chi. 3) What are the elements of a receivables management program? What are the components of a reference point policy? What are the tradeoffs in setting credit policy terms? How does competition restore the optimization of credit policy terms? How can a vendor have a lending cost advantage over other banks and finance companies? Why might a vendor be able to charge a higher price for goods and services by fling reedit?When might a vendor find it necessary to offer credit in order to establish reputation? What are the advantages/disadvantages of open account billing over neb billing? What factors affect the ideal credit period? What factors determine whether or not credit (early payment) discounts should be offered? What are the five Cos of credit? What tools are used to monitor receivables? How is the impersonal nature of collection agencies both good and bad? In what forms can credit be offered to customers? How does a firm offering credit to customers finance its own receivables? What is acting of receivables?What are the advantages/disadvantages of factoring? What elements of a credit policy decision can be quantified? How may a change in credit policy affect the costs associated with inventories? How may a change in credit policy affect the costs associated with receivables? In what two ways can projected bad debt losses be affected by a change in credit policy? What are the costs/benefits of offering discounts? Annual percentage costs of credit discounts Costs, benefits, and net benefit of a change in credit policy Break-even probabilities and percentages for a change in credit policy

Jeanne-Marie LePrince de Beaumont’s “Beauty and the Beast”

Jeanne-Marie LePrince de Beaumonts Beauty and the animal is focused on the love of a lady friend for her father however that eventually ends with a reward of getting married to a beautiful prince. While Jean Cocteaus 1946 spud sport focuses much on the romantic office and relations between the Beauty and the Beast. Jean Cocteaus film Beauty and the Beast is based on the text version of Jeanne-Marie LePrince de Beaumonts Beauty and the Beast. Though Cocteaus film version give somewhat touching view. The film version of Cocteau mirrors the 17th century settings and the themes of a typical f behaviory tale.On one side there be evil sisters of the beauty (good hearted youngest daughter) and on the other side a wicked man missing to marry the beauty. In the film he created a fantastical frame of mind. The castle of the Beast is not on the earth hence, Belle is shown floating in the air while reaching the castle. Cocteaus movie creates an imaginary and dream-world by making the prog ress of the movie in slow motion. Different scenes especially when Belle moves to castle are in slow-motion gives view of a majestic world. The acting and characters in the film are remarkable.With terrific dialogues it gives the magical perfection to the film with lost love, admiration, sense of duty, capitulate and romantic feelings. Of course, as written text we can only read the story and imagine what is being said but with film version it is rather different to view. The film version shows all the scenes and dialogues in real(a) environment. The camera settings are such that can add to the fantasy. The shots and scenes at the castle are do very graceful. As compared to the written text version we cannot get the exact view of the settings.What we get from reading the literature of Jeanne-Maries story our focus in on the themes and endings. However, Cocteaus film version gives details of each and every scene in addition, actors acting and background settings, and dialogues di verges the thoughts of the viewers from the real focus of the story. The audience of the movie may get involved with the imaginary scenes and dialogues. The film version by Cocteau shows the interaction of the Belle and the Beast much precisely. The literature of Jeanne-Marie was construe as the love of the daughter for her father.She went to Beast castle not with the hope of falling in love but only to save her fathers life. She was ready to give away her life in place of her father. However, she got a beautiful prince in return while her father is also saved. The film of Cocteau is more focused on the romantic relations between the beauty and the beast. Shes being unaware that the Beast is the prince, falls in love with him because his kind attitude and gentleness. Soon discovers him to be the prince both got married and lives a happy life while the evil sisters get their punishment for being too mean and wickedness.Conclusion The Beast is actually a very beautiful prince who sh owed up to the Belle at the very last moment. Though the film version was superficially a different one, it good discriminates the reality from fantasy. Both the fairy tale and film version are similar in many cases but different at many contexts. However, the film version is based on the text of Jeanne-Marrie has some remarkable scenes and cinematography not present in written text. References Jeanne-Marrie. Beauty and the Beast. Retrieved form http//www. pitt. edu/dash/beauty. hypertext markup language

Environment Impact Assessment Process in India

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT impact IN INDIA AND THE DRAWBACKS Prep ard by environs Conservation Team (Aruna Murthy, Himansu Sekhar Patra) September 2005 Vasundhara, 15, Sahid Nagar Bhubaneshwar 751 007 1 environmental IMPACT ASSESSMENT function IN INDIA AND THE DRAW BACKS INTRODUCTION EIA is an exercise to be carried protrude in front all upchuck or major bodily function is underinterpreted to ensure that it pass on no in any way harm the surroundings on a short term or long term basis.Any developmental endeavor requires not hardly the analysis of the invite of such a hurtle, the monetary cost and benefits problematic plainly most important, it requires a consideration and detailed sound judgement of the effect of a proposed development on the environment. The environment impact deal was introduced with the power pointing of identifying /evaluating the potential beneficial and adverse impacts of development dates on the environment, taking in to account env ironmental, favor fit, cultural and aesthetic considerations.All of these considerations atomic number 18 tiny to determine the viability of a hurtle and to decide if a bulge out should be granted environmental dynamic headroom. An EIA concentrate on problems, conflicts and natural resource constraints which might affect the viability of a project. It also predicts how the project could harm to pot, their homeland, their go throughlihoods, and the other ripeby developmental activities. After predicting potential impacts, the EIA identifies measures to minimize the impacts and suggests ways to improve the project viability.The aim of an EIA is to ensure that potential impacts argon identify and addressed at an early stage in the projects planning and design. To achieve this aim, the assessment finding ar communicated to alone the germane(predicate) groups who will make findings virtually the proposed projects, the project developers and their investors as well as regul ators , planners and the politicians. Having read the conclusions of an environmental impact assessment, project planners and engineers target shape the project so that its benefits canister be achieved and carry on with extinct causing adverse impacts.In recent years, major projects pee encountered serious difficulties beca psychea insufficient account has been taken of their relationship with the surrounding environment. Some projects exhaust been prepare to be unsustainable beca theatrical role of resource depletion. opposites have been abandoned because of world opposition, financially encumbered by unforeseen costs, held liable for damages to natural resources and even been the cause of ignominious accidents.Given this pick up, it is very risky to undertake finance, or approve a major project without runner taking in to account its environmental consequences and then siting and pattern the project so as to minimize adverse impacts. Due to semi accede-supported p ressure on the g everywherenment to accept accountability for the activities of its agencies the National environmental constitution Act (NEPA) was formed in USA during 1970. This was the basis for the development of a mechanism which came to be k promptlyn as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). THE EIA PROCESS IN INDIA The role for EIA was formally recognised at the earth summit held at Rio conference in 1992. Principle 17 of the Rio declaration produces that EIA as a national instrument shall be undertaken for the proposed activities that are likely to have significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a close of a competent national delegacy. In India some a(prenominal) of the developmental projects till as recently as the 1980s were implemented with very pocketable or no environmental concerns.The environmental issues began receiving attention when a national committee on environmental planning and coordination was even up up under the quaternate five year plan (19691978). Till 1980, the subjects of environment and forests were the concern of the Dept of Science and Technology and Ministry of Agriculture respectively. Later, the issues were formally attended by the Dept of Environment which was established in 1980. This was then upgraded to the Ministry of Environment & Forest in 1985.In 1980, trimance of large projects from the environmental angle became an administrative requirement to the expiration that the planning commission and the central enthronisation board sought proof of such clearance before according financial sanction. Five year later, the Dept of Environment and Forests, Government of India, issued guidelines for Environmental Assessment of river vale projects. These guidelines require various(a) studies such as impacts on forests and wild liveness in the submergence zone, wet logging potential, upstream and down stream aquatic ecosystems and fisheries, water related diseases, climatic changes and sesmi city.A major legislative measures for the purpose of environmental clearance was in 1994 when ad hoc tattle was issued under section 3 and precept 5 of the environment safeguard Act , 1986 called the Environment impact Assessment Notification 1994. The first pure tone in seeking environmental clearance for a development project is to determine what statutory legislations apply to the particular project. The MOEF has brought out several notifications restricting the development of industries in specified ecologically bleak areas.In auxiliary there are also draft rules framed for the siting of industries. Environmental clearance for development projects can be obtained either at the state level or at the central level depending on original criteria concerning the characteristics of the project. However (regardless of where the final environmental clearance is obtained from), for most projects the consent must first be taken from the state pollution deem board or pollution co ntrol committees in the case of union territories. 3RESPONSIBILITY OF PREPARATION OF EIA STATEMENT The project proponent is prudent for the preparation of the EIA contention, with the help of external consultant or institution. THE IMPACT ASSESSEMENT AGENCY The MOEF is the bureau for environmental clearance. If necessary, it whitethorn consult a committee of well(p)s with a account specified in schedule III of notification. TIMING OF EIA Ideally EIA should provide teaching to conclusion makers at early stage of the project planning cycle. It should be initiated as early as realistic before the commencement of projects.If the projects secure approval, EIA should include a provision to cover the audit of the project. COST The amount allocated and exhausted for preparation of EIA by the project proponents are usually abysmally low compared to the overall project costs ( a good deal less than 1% of over all projects). 4 LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE FROM TH E CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 1. Nuclear Power and related projects such as Heavy pissing Plants, nuclear fuel complex, antiquated Earths. 2. River Valley projects including hydel power, major Irrigation & their combination including flood control. . Ports, Harbours, Airports ( still minor ports and harbours). 4. Petroleum Refineries including crude and product pipelines. 5. Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrogenous and Phosphatic other than single superphosphate). 6. Pesticides (Technical). 7. Petrochemical complexes (Both Olefinic and Aromatic) and Petro-chemical intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactam, LAB etcetera and product of basic plastics such as LLDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC. 8. Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals. 9. Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage. 10.Synthetic Rubber. 11. Asbestos and Asbestos products. 12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives. 13 (a) Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of Iron and Steel, Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Lead a nd Ferro Alloys). (b) Electric arc furnaces (Mini Steel Plants). 14. Chlor alkali industry. 15. Integrated paint complex including effect of resins and basic raw materials required in the manufacture of paints. 16. Viscose Staple fibre and filament yarn. 17. Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead antimony alloys. 18.All tourism projects mingled with 200m500 metres of High Water Line and at locations with an elevation of more(prenominal) than 1000 metres with investment of more than Rs. 5 crores. 19. Thermal Power Plants. 20. Mining projects *(major minerals)* with leases more than 5 hectares. 21. Highway Projects **except projects relating to improvement work including panopticning and strengthening of roads with marginal land acquisition along the existing alliances provided it does not pass through ecologically sensitive areas such as National Parks, Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves, Reserve Forests** 22.Tarred Roads in the Himalayas and or Forest areas. 23. Distilleries. 24. Raw Skins and Hides 25. Pulp, paper and newsprint. 26. Dyes. 27. Cement. 28. Foundries (individual) 29. Electroplating 30. Meta amino phenol 5 PROCESS There are two tiers of assessment which should be applied to the project before execution with a full scale EIA, Screening and preliminary assessment. Where these first tiers of assessment are a regulatory requirement, the developer normally does the work and submits the results to the regulatory agency.The agency may then decide that either there is nothing to be concerned astir(predicate) or the evaluation should proceed to the next tier. The most important step in the process of obtaining environmental clearance under the EIA notification is for the project proponent to conduct an environmental impact assessment of the project. For this purpose the project proponent engages an environmental consultant to prepare an EIA history. The EIA report must be prepared by incorporation of info during all the four seasons of the year.Such an EIA is termed a comprehensive EIA. How ever, there is provision for a single season collection of data, but this should not be done during the monsoon season. Such an EIA reports is termed a Rapid EIA. There are two tiers of assessment which should be applied to the project before proceeding with a full scale EIA Screening and Preliminary Assessment. Wherever these first tiers of assessment are a regulatory requirement, the developer normally does the work and submits the results to the regulatory agency.The agency may then decide whether there is anything to be concerned about or whether the evaluation should proceed to the next tier. BEFORE STARTING THE EIA SCREENING The coating is the first and simplest tier in project evaluation. Screening helps to clear those types of projects, which from past experience are not likely to cause significant environmental problems. The activity may take one of the following several forms 1- Measurements using s imple criteria such as size or location. 2- Comparing the proposal with list of projects seldom positing an EIA (e. g. chools) or definitely needing one (e. g. coal mines). 3- Estimating general impacts (e. g. increased in infrastructure needed) and comparing these impacts against set thresholds. 4- Doing complex analyses, but using readily in stock(predicate) data. tie gumption in the Indian system 1- Even though some of the industrial set ups do not require EIA as per the statutory norms, they might involve certain technological processes which could be harmful to the environment, as a result of which such enlisted industries could have potential impacts on the environment and on frequent health. Exempting industries from the EIA requirements proved on the investment value of specific projects is not acceptable. There are no specific studies conducted till now which demonstrate that environmental impacts are always inconsequential for projects under a given value. It is a w ell established fact that the small scale industries are contributing more pollution with respect to the major industry. 6 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT If screening does not clear a project, the developer may be required to undertake a preliminary Assessment.This involves sufficient research, review of available data and expert advice in order to identify the key impacts of the project on the local environment, predict the extent of the impacts and concisely evaluate their importance to decision makers. The preliminary assessment can be employ to assist early project planning (for instance, to narrow the handling of possible sites) and it can serve as an early warning to the serious environmental problems that the project may cause. It is in the developers fill to do a preliminary assessment since, in practice, this step can clear projects of the need for a full EIA.If after reviewing a preliminary assessment the competent allowance deems that a full EIA is needed, the next step for the project developer is the preparation of the EIA report. This entails 1- Commissioning and briefing an fencesitter co-coordinator and expert get a line aggroup. 2- Identifying the key decision makers who will plan, finance, sanction and control the proposed project, so as to characterize the audience for the EIA. 3- Researching laws and regulations that will affect these decisions. 4- Making contact with each of various decision makers. Determining how and when the EIAs finding will be communicated. Draw back off in the Indian system It is being found that the team formed for conducting EIA studies is lacking the expertise in various field such as Anthropologists and Social Scientists (to understand the social impact of the project) or even wild life experts. FORMATION OF AN EIA TEAM SCOPING The first task of the EIA drive team is scoping the EIA. The aim of scoping is to ensure that the study address all the issues of importance to the decision makers.First of all the te ams outlook is broadened by the discussions (with the project proponents , decision makers, the regulatory agency, scientific institutions , local community voice and others) to include all the possible issues and concerns raises by various groups. Then the study team selects primary impacts for the EIA to cogitate upon depending on the basis of magnitude, geographical extent, implication to decision makers or because the area is special locally (e. g. soil erosion, the presence of an endangered species, or a near by historical sites) or is an eco-sensitive area.Draw back in the Indian system 1- There is a lack of exhaustive ecological and socio-economic indicators for impact assessment. 2- creation comments are not taken into account at the early stage, which often leads to conflict at the later stage of project clearance. 7 MAIN EIA After scoping the chief(prenominal) EIA begins. The EIA attempts to answer five motions basically 1- What will happen as a result of the project ? 2- What will be the extent of the changes? 3- Do the changes matter? 4- What can be done about them? 5- How can decision makers be informed of what require to be done?The EIA becomes a cyclic process of asking and throw out asking the first four questions until decision makers can be offered workable solutions. IDENTIFICATION Identification means the answer to the first question, i. e. what will happen as result of the project? If a preliminary assessment has been done it will have broadly reviewed the projects effect, also scoping will have focused the study on the most important issues for decision makers. Taking these findings in to account the full EIA study now formally identifies those impacts which should be assessed in detail.This identification phase of the study may use these or other methods 1- Compile a list of key impacts (e. g. changes in air quality, noise levels, wild life habitats, species transmutation, landscape views, social and cultural systems, settlement patterns and usement levels from other EIA s for similar projects) 2- Name all the projects sources of impacts (e. g. smoke emissions, water consumption, formulation jobs) using checklists of questionnaires, then list possible receptors in the environment (e. g. rops, communities using identical water for drinking, migrant of labour) by surveying the existing environment and consulting with interested parties. 3- Identify impacts themselves through the use of checklist, matrices, networks, overlays, models and simulations. Draw back in the Indian system 1- There is always a lack of reliable data sources. 2- The secondary data is also not reliable. 3- The data collectors do not pay respect to the indigenous knowledge of local people. 4- The credibility of the primary data collected by the data collectors is doubtful.The next step called predictions answers the EIAs second question what will be the extent of the changes. As far as is practicable, prediction scientifically characte rizes the impacts causes and effects and its secondary and synergetic consequences for the environment and the local community. Prediction follows an impact inside a single environmental parameter (e. g. toxic liquid effluents) in to its subsequent effects in many disciplines (e. g. reduced water quality, adverse impacts on fisheries, economic effects on fishing villages, and resulting socio-cultural changes).Prediction draws on physical, biological, socioeconomic and anthropological data techniques . In quantifying impacts, it may employ mathematical models, physical models, socio cultural models, economic models, experiments or expert judgments. PREDICTION 8 All prediction techniques by their nature involve some grad of uncertainty. So along with each attempt to quantify an impact, the study team should also quantify the predictions uncertainty in terms of probabilities or margins of error. Draw back in the Indian system 1- The detail method used for the prediction and evaluation of the project is not mentioned in the report.Limited explanations are given both to valued estimation of magnitude of impact and to the assumptions and judgments used in the evaluation of impacts. 2- The limited coverage of scoping is imprisoned mainly to direct impacts. The third question addressed by the EIA do the changes matter is answered in the next step. Evaluation is so called because it evaluates the predicated adverse impacts to determine whether they are significant enough to warrant mitigation. Thus judgment of significance can be establish on one or more of the followings. 1234Comparison with laws, regulations or accepted commonplaces.Consultation with the relevant decision makers. Reference to pre set criteria such as protected sites features of species. Acceptability to the local community or the general semi cosmos. EVALUATION MITIGATION In this phase the study team formally analyses mitigation. A wide range of measures are proposed to prevent, reduce, remedy o r compensate for each of the adverse impacts evaluated as significant. Possible mitigation measures include 1- Changing project sites, routes, processes, raw materials, run methods, administration methods, disposal routes or locations, timing or engineering designs. Introducing pollution controls, waste interference monitoring, phased performance, landscaping, personal training, special social services or semi humankind education. 3- Offering (as compensation) restoration of damaged resources, money to affected persons , concessions on other issues, or off site programmes to enhance some other aspects of the environment or quality of life for the community. All mitigation measures cost something and this cost must be quantified too.These various measures are then compared, trade-offs between alternative measures are weighed, and the EIA study team proposes one or more action plans, usually combining a number of measures. The action plan may include technical control measures, a n integrated management scheme (for a major project) monitoring, contingency plans, operating practices, project scheduling, or even joint management (with affected groups). The study team should explicitly analyze the implications of adopting different alternatives, to help make the choices clearer for the decision makers. Several analytical techniques are available for this purpose as given below 1- woo benefit analysis in which all quantifiable factors are converted to monetary values , and actions are assessed for their effect on project costs and benefits 2- Explaining what raceway of action would follow from various broad value judgments(e. g. that social impacts are more important than resources) 3- A simple matrix of environmental parameters versus mitigation measures, support brief description of the effects of each measure. Pair wise comparisons, whereby the effects of an action are briefly compared with the effects of each of the alternative actions are briefly compar ed with the effects of each of the alternative actions, one pair at a clock. Draw back in the Indian system 1- Details regarding the effectiveness and implementation of mitigation measures are often not provided. 2- Often, and more so for strategic industries such as nuclear energy projected, the EMP s are kept hidden for political and administrative reasons 3- Emergency preparedness plans are not discussed in sufficient details and the information not disseminated to the communities.DOCUMENTATION The last step in the EIA process, which answers the question how decision makers be informed of what demand to be done? In documenting an EIA, this means identifying the key decisions makers, perceiving the question they will be asking and providing them with straight anterior answers formatted for easy interpretation in relation to their decision making (e. g. tables, graphs, summary, points). Successful EIA documentation is more readily produced if the audience and their call for a re established at the start of the EIA, and then make to affect how the research is focused and reported.It is the job of the study teams communications expert to make this happen. An EIA report should contains 1234An decision maker summary of the EIA findings. A description of the proposed development projects. The major environmental and natural resource issues that needed clarification and elaboration. The projects impacts on the environment (in comparison with a base line were identified and predicated. ). 5- A discussion of options for mitigating adverse impacts and for shaping the project to suit its proposed environment, and an analysis of the trade offs involved in choosing between alternative actions. An over view of gaps or uncertainties in the information. 7- A summary of the EIA for the general macrocosm. 10 Once the EIA reports has been do itd, the project proponent needs to submit 20 copies of the copy of executive summary of the proposed proposal containing the sa lient features of the project, the form XII prescribed under water rules, 1975, form I prescribed under Air rules,1983 and other information or documents to the SPCB for getting the non clearance certificate(NOC). On receiving the required documents from the project proponents it is the responsibility of the SPCB to conduct the public auditory modality.After completion of the public audition the project proponents has to submit to the depository of MOEF for the environmental clearance Draw back in the Indian system One of the biggest concerns with the environmental clearance process is related to the quality of EIA report that are being carried out. The reports are generally incomplete and provided with false data. EIA reports ignore several aspects while carrying out assessments and significant information is found to omitted. Many EIA report are based on single season data and are not adequate to determine whether environmental clearance should be granted.All this makes the ent ire exercise reversion to its very intent. As things stand today, it is the responsibility of the project proponent to commission the preparation of the EIA for its project. The EIA is actually funded by an agency or individual whose primary interest is to procure clearance for the project proposed. There is little chance that the final assessment presented is un biased, even if the consultant may provide an unbiased assessment that is critical of the proposed project. Some times it is found that a consultancy which is workings in the project area has no specialization in the concerned subject.For example for the preparation of EIA report of the proposed oil exploration in coast of Orissa by the reliance group has been given to the life science Dept of Berhampur university which has no expertise on the study of turtles and its life cycle. The EIA document in itself is so bulky and technical, which makes it very difficult to decipher so as to aid in the decision making process. The re are so many cases of two-faced EIA studies where erroneous data has been used, same facts used for two totally different places etc.This is due to the lack of a centralized baseline data bank, where such data can be crosschecked. There is no accreditation of EIA consultants, therefore any such consultant with a track record of fraudulent cases cannot be held liable for discrepancies. It is hard to imagine any consultant after being paid lakh of rupees, preparing a report for the project proponents, indicating that the project is not viable. In nearly every case, the consultants try to interpret and tailor the information looking for ways and means to provide their clients with a report that gives them their moneys worth.ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL map The MOEF is the nodal agency for environmental clearance. The environmental division plays a key role, but the forest and wild life divisions are consulted when projects involve diversion of forestland or the alignment of roads and high schoolways along or inside the wild life areas. The project proponents of new projects must submit an application to the secretary, ministry of Environment and Forests, sassy Delhi in the standard Performa specified in the EIA notification. The application should be accompanied by a feasibility/ project report, including 11 Environmental Appraisal questionnaire developed by MOEF. 2 Environment Impact Assessment Report. 3 Environment Management Plan and disaster Management plan 4 Details of public Hearing as in schedule IV of the notification (where ever necessary) 5 Rehabilitation plans (where ever necessary) 6 Forest clearance certificate (where ever necessary) 7 NOC from the state pollution control board (SPCB) The application is evaluated and assessed by the Impact Assessment Agency (IAA). The IAA may consult a committee of experts constituted by it or other luggage compartment authorized by it in this regard, if necessary.The composition of the expert team is described in the box no-2 The committee has full near of entry and inspection of the site or factory premises prior to, during or after the commencement of the project . The IAA prepares a set of recommendations based on technical assessment of documents and data , furnished by the project authorities or collected during visits to sites or factories and details of public hearing. The assessment shall be completed with in 90 long time from receipt of documents and data from the project authorities and completion of public hearing and decision conveyed within 30 days there after.If granted the clearance shall be valid for a period of five years for commencement of the construction or operation of the project. Draw back in the Indian system There are several concerns with deferred payment to the granting of environmental clearance of projects. Firstly, for projects that require site clearance it is often assumed by project proponents that once site clearance is granted, environmental clearance will follow. As a result, many project proponents begin construction of the project components (like house colonies, roads), even before the environmental clearance is granted.This is despite the fact that it has been specified in the EIA notification that this should not be done. At another level, when environmental clearance is granted despite public objection / rejection , the reasons for the same are not conveyed to all those who have sent in written objections and/or attended the public hearing. There are very few ways to get information regarding project clearances. For those with approach to the internet, the MOEF website seems to be of some help. However, very often the information on the website is upappointmentd much after the decision is taken. 12For citizens and communities who do not have access to the internet, this information is not available. The availability of this information immediately after a decision on the clearance is taken is of crucial importance, in ca se it needs to be challenged before the National Environment appellant Authority. The environmental clearance process after the public hearing appears to be a closed door secretive process as far as the public is concerned. In cases of environmental clearance being granted, the public have no access to the rational behind which the clearance was given.All that emits from the ministry are the conditions and recommendations based on which clearance is granted which often does not address the whole gamut of concerns and issues raised during public hearing. PUBLIC HEARING PROCESS IN INDIA A fully informed public participation has been recognized as an essential element in EIA. However, it was noted that public participation was a difficult exercise particularly if it led to a conflict between government policies and the public. Public hearing is not just an administrative exercise wherein a hearing is conducted to catch the requirements of the legislations.It is a measure to disclose all the relevant information regarding a developmental project to various sections of society, which are either affected by its implementation or have interests in project. In India public hearing of development projects has been made needed for environmental clearance by the Amendment to the EIA Notification of April 10, 1997 (Box no-3). The salient features of the public hearings notification are as follows Notice for public hearing The SPCB must issue key for environmental public hearing by publishing it in at least(prenominal)(prenominal) two newspapers circulated in the section around the project.One of the publications must be in the vernacular language of the locality concerned. The date, time and place of public hearing should be mentioned in the newspaper article. The notice must be given at least 30 days prior to the public hearing. Involvement of the public Written suggestions, views, comments and objection by the public can be handed over to the SPCB within 30 days from the date of publication of the notice. Oral /written suggestions can be made to the SPCB during the public hearing. Who can participate?All the affected person, including residents residing in and around the project site or the site of fracture or site of alleged adverse environmental impact. It also includes environmental groups and any association of persons whether incorporated or not, likely to be affected by the project and/or functioning in the field of environment. Persons who own or have control over the project can also participate. Access to the documents The public are authorise to have access to the executive summary containing the salient features of the project, both in English as well as the local language.They 13 are also entitled to the Environmental Impact Assessment Report. These documents can be obtained from the following places Office of the district collector, District industry centre. Office of the zila parisad CEO of municipal corporation commissioner /local body. SPCB head office and its concerned regional office. State government department dealing with environment. Public hearing panel and its members panel for the public hearing The following persons may include in the SPCB representative. District collector/ nominee.State government representative dealing with the project. Representative of concerned department of the state government. Not more than 3 representative of the local bodies like panchayat/ municipality. Not more than 3 senior citizens of the area nominated by the district collector. Note According to a Gujarat high court judgment 15 the quorum for a public hearing should be at least half of the member specified i. e. three members. Also, at least the following members should present viz. The officer from the pollution control board.The officer from the Department of Environment and Forest of the state government. One of three citizens nominated by the collector. Projects exempted from public hearing Public heari ng is not required for the following projects Small scale industrial undertakings located in a) Notified or designed industrial areas/ industrial estates. b) res publicas marked for industries under the jurisdiction of industrial development authorities. Widening and strengthening of highways Mining projects (major minerals) with lease areas upto 25 hectares 14Units located in export bear upon zones and special economic zones and Modernization of existing irrigation projects. Note off sore exploration activities beyond 10 km from the nearest inhabited village boundaries, Gothans , and ecologically sensitive areas, such as mangroves ( minimum of 1000sq. m. ), corals, coral reefs , national parks, marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests and breeding and spawning grounds of fish and other marine life have been proposed by the MOEF to be exempted from the public hearing )Draw back in the Indian system A number of projects with significant environmental and social impacts have been e xcluded from the mandatory public hearing process. There are also concerns on how much value is given to opinions expressed during the public hearing. Most projects are located in the resource rich tribal and rural areas. Due to the inherent social conditions in such areas, such as lack of literacy and the simple nature of Tribals, people are easily convinced and lured by the prospect of money and jobs.The local environmental and social groups face a uphill task educating the people about the true nature and impacts of the project and getting them to forcefully raise objections and issues of concern. Similarly the affected peoples are informed just few days before the stipulated date of public hearing. In many cases it is found out that the owners of the project employs antisocial peoples to suppress the voices of people during the public hearing. The local administration also supports the projects owner. The SPCB which are obligated for conducting the public hearings are not equip ped in terms of manpower or infrastructure.The notification does not prescribe clear and well defined guidelines for conducting the public hearing. The bearing of the expenses involved in conducting the public hearing are not dealt with by the notification. This is another problem with no clear answers. The documents which the public are entitled to are seldom available on time. The notification prescribes a number of places where one can access these documents , but does not stipulated who is responsible for ensuring that the documents are made available at these locations.The mentioned websites are not updated. The result is that one seldom finds the documents available at the designed locations. In many cases minutes of public hearing or recommendations of the public hearing panels do not reflect the actual proceedings and objections raised. Further the recommendations of the public hearing panel are only informative and it is not mandatory for the impact assessment agency to e ven consider these while granting environmental clearance to projects. 15 SOME OTHER DRAW BACKS IN THE INDIAN SYSTEMA-APPLICABILITY OF THE EIA NOTIFICATION As it stands today, there are several projects with significant environmental impacts that are exempted from the notification either because they are not listed in schedule1, or their investments are less than what is provided for in the notification. Importantly, several projects located in zones covered by other notifications such as CRZ notification are exempted from the provisions of the EIA notification. Other projects such as defence-related road construction and railway projects are explicitly exempted from the EIA notification altogether.The amendment in EIA notification, 1994 made on 4th July 2005 in gazette no. s. o. 942(E) has provision that any expansion or modernization project of item 1,2,3,19,20,- nuclear, river valley, ports and harbors, thermal power plant and mining projects may obtain temporary working permissi on of max two years till it gets environmental condition. Box no-4 shows the details of the 12 amendments that has been brought up in last 11 years to extend the EIA notification. B- MONITORING, COMPLIANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS. Projects are granted clearances based on certain conditions, which the project authorities need to comply with.These are both related to the construction phase and post construction phase of a project. For instance, conditions may be imposed on muck disposal of effluent discharge to be confined to certain areas and within specified limits. The regional offices of the MOEF are to monitor the conformation of these conditions and prepare the reports. However the local population does not even know of these conditions and are not a part of its monitoring. It is not known if project authorities reflect the true status of compliance in their reports to the MOEF. Access to these compliance reports is only subject to public interest.The lack of access to compliance reports has severe repercussions on the rights of people who were opposed to the project and for whose benefits some conditions may have been laid out for the project to follow. While monitoring compliance with conditions imposed for environmental clearance, it is found that pollution control boards have their own standards, whereas the standards under the EPA, which the MOEF and the regional offices follow, are quite a different. Another problem in monitoring is the location of the regional offices and their large jurisdictions, which make it difficult for them to discharge their functions effectively.While the increased threat to the environment is matched by the picture of an increasing amount of legislation, the responsibilities and capacities of the various agencies, including the regional offices of the MOEF, to monitor compliance has not been appropriately defined and strengthened. C- CAPACITY BUILDING There is an urgent need to grade capacities of government ag encies, communities, NGOs and the judiciary with regard to the implementation of the existing EIA notification.Even in the instances where the provisions allow for peoples participation or monitoring, the lack of information and capacity are with child(p) hindrances in implementation. For instances, the public hearing panel often has no clue on the cranial orbit of 16 their role in environmental clearance process. Judiciary, which is involved in the redressal , is comprised of judges who may not be clued into the environmental issues and their interface with laws. No matter how good the provisions of the law are, their implementation hinges on the capacities of positive who are meant to do it.D- REDRESSAL The present redressal mechanism meant exclusively for the challenging environmental clearance is extremely weak and limited in its scope. The National Environmental Appellate Authority has heard only 15 cases in the last eight years. The process of seeking redressal from courts requires a fair amount of energy and financial allocation. It is not possible for all those with grievances to take on legal battles against large and powerful project proponents. RECOMMENDATIONS Independent EIA Authority Civil society groups have suggested the need for an separate Environmental Impact Assessment authority headed by a udicial officer and comprising of representatives from communities, peoples group, scientists, sociologists and environmentalists. Such body would be independent of the ministry of environment and forests. The decision of this authority would be binding on the MOEF. Sector wide EIA s needed There is a need to conduct policy-level and sector-wide EIAs in the form of strategic impact assessments ( for various sectors including mining , power and so on). This is critical to judge the impacts of macro- economic, developmental and other policies, schemes and programmes.Conduct options Assessment EIA s should follow only after an options assessment and a le ast cost plan for a project is done by the state or central government. For this the following steps are of relevance for both public and private sector projects aIn case of projects proposed by PSU s and the state/central governments, the options assessment preceding the EIA should provide information on the best strategies to meet the need of the region, be it power , irrigation , employment or some other stated benefit.In case of private sector projects, the project proponents project apology statement should be accompanied by a mandatory project justification report prepared by the state or central governments. This project justification report would provide information assessing the need for the project and the benefits accruing from it for the state / nation and the people of the area. The options Assessment or project justification reports should also state how the proposed project fixes in to the existing developmental plans of the state or the state or the region. c- 17 d- e- The information should be included in a computation of environmental and social costs, apart from the other projects costs such as technical and financial costs. Based on this, a set of options should be put frontwards from which the least expensive and least damaging option is selected. The EIA for the projects should follow only after this options is decided. Creation of an information desk An information dissemination desk may be charge within the MOEF which anyone can write to regarding the status of clearance of projects.This desk should be mandated to respond within a maximum of ten days by post/ messenger and a maximum of two days by email, to the contact information that has been furnished by the person seeking the information. Since all meetings and discussion are put down as electronic data, the officers should furnish this information regarding the status of clearance, with a record of the discussions in the Expert committee on the projects. Environmental Risk Ass essment New approaches such as Environmental Risk Assessment which enable more flexible and dynamic assessments of direct and indirect impacts must be explored.As part of this process, recognized Safety and Environmental Auditors must compulsorily meet local populations and submit a detailed report of potential risks due to the project. Issue a complete notification The MOEF must issue and maintain on its website at all times a consolidated notification incorporating all the amendments till date. As of now what is available on the MOEF website is the notification updated up to 2003 and copies of subsequent amendments, which are not incorporated within the main text of the notification.In the absence of this critical document, it is difficult for implementing agencies and stakeholders in general to understand the position of the law. Following is a set of recommendations towards ensuring applicability of the environmental clearance process to all categories of projects. It can be des cribed in different chapter wise as follows Applicability of EIA notification The provisions of the EIA notification, including public hearings should be applicable to all hitherto exempt categories of projects ( including large scale tillage/ monoculture plantation projects) which have environmental impacts.As an immediate measure, it needs to be ensured that all those projects where there is likely to be a significant alternation of ecosystems like rivers, lakes, wetlands, forests , grasslands ,coastal and marine ecosystems, need to go through the process of environmental clearance, without exception. This should apply if they are likely to reduce the biodiversity of the region( both wild and cultivated) , if they are likely to affect regions that have not been 18 studied adequately for flora, fauna, or socially/ culturally fragile human communities, of if they are likely to displace people or disrupt live hoods , temporarily or permanently.No industrial or large scale developmen tal activity should be permitted in ecologically sensitive areas. Only developmental activities / processes which do not alter the basic ecological characteristics of such an area or do not cause destruction of the fragile ecosystems should be allowed. Separate and specific notifications issued for each of these clearly listing would help in effective implementation of this clause. Quality of EIA reports preparation and content The focus of EIA needs to shift from utilization and maturation of natural resources to conservation of natural resources.Many EIA reports tend to justify the need for the project, shifting the focus of the EIA from a process that provides insights in to the viability and desirability of the project, to one that finds justification for the projects and on rare occasions one that offers simplistic solutions on minimizing impacts of projects already declared important. At present EIA reports are extremely weak when it comes to assessment of biological diversi ty of a project area and the consequent impacts on it.This is particularly so when it comes to domesticated ( both live stock and agricultural ) biodiversity, aquatic biodiversity other than commercial fish lesser or non endangered plants and animals ( i. e. those other than mega fauna like tigers and elephant of charismatic plants like orchid species) , ecosystem benefits and services ( including supporting live hood needs of communities , essential hydrological functions , soil conservation etc), and flora- fauna inter relationships. This gap needs to be plugged through a specific guidelines and if necessary through amendments to the EIA notification.The checklist needs to include impacts on agricultural biodiversity, biodiversity related traditional knowledge and live hoods . Further, cumulative impacts of projects that are technically linked or located in the same ecological region, and impacts of the eventual closure of the project or components of the project should also be in corporated in to the checklist. Finally the list should contain details on a full exploration of alternatives , especially decentralized alternatives, to mega projects . the checklist also needs to cover various kinds of impacts resulting from a particular activity.Comprehensive EIA s needs to be undertaken for industries and trading operations working in clusters such as in zones identified for chemical industries or export oriented units. For instance, the present EIA notification states that assessments do not need to be conducted for mining up to 5 hectares, and do not need to hold public hearings for mining up to 25 hectares. How ever , it is recognized that many mining activities take place in clusters (several leases for small mining projects allowed in close proximity to each other in one geographical area) and that EIA s need to assess their cumulative impacts on the environment and biodiversity. 9 All EIA reports should clearly state what are the adverse impacts that a pr oposed projects will have. This should be a separate chapter and not hidden within technical details. Based upon this the EMP plan should be also be drawn which should integrate a specific set of measures , which are to identified to mitigate these impacts with costs and time frame included .EIA should contain details of the assessment process as annexure such as 1- blanket(a) information regarding all the parties involved in assessments including sub consultants so that there is no scope for anonymity and parties can be held accountable for their findings and recommendations. 2- The terms of reference of every group/ individual involved in any aspect of the assessment process. 3- Full reference of all information sourced from secondary sources so that they can be independently verified by any one interested in doing so. Details of the time spent and activities, number of days spent in each area, names of villages , name of interviewers should be mentioned. 5- Details of expenses incurred for various activities for preparing the EIA report, including who was paid and for what activities. The sub components or subsidiary reports of EIA reports ( e. g. Assessments of Biodiversity impacts done by a sub consultant) should be made publicly accessible as stand alone reports with the EIA. This should be available on the websites of the MOEF. EIA s should be based on full studies carried out over at least one year.Single season data on environmental parameters like biodiversity, as is being done for several rapid assessments is not adequate to gain understanding of the full impact of the proposed project. It is critical that the preparation of an EIA is completely independent of the project proponent. One option for this could be the creation of a central fund for the EIA s which contains fees deposited by project proponents while seeking that an EIA be done for their proposed project. State and central governments should maintain a list of credible, independent and competent agencies that can carry out EIA s. imilarly the EIA consultant those are making false reports should be black listed. A national level accreditation to environment consultancy should be adopted. Public hearings The public hearing should be held for all projects which are likely to have environmental and social impacts. This should be strictly implemented. The scope of the public hearings needs to be widened to at least those projects which require forest clearance under the forest conservation act,1980. Public hearing should be done in at least three phases or stages. 20 The preliminary hearing may be required to explain the process of conducting the assessment so that the scope of the assessment is decided with the participation of the public. The local level NGO can also participate in this. 2- The second can be with a purpose of presenting and discussing all aspects of the assessments findings, with the help of booklets presentation in local languages. Some of the asp ects can also include environmental impacts, costs and benefit of the project, displacement and rehabilitation aspects. 3- The third hearing can be held after a week but no later than a month following the second meetings.This period being think to give people a chance to analyze the information and points they have at the earlier hearing. This can be primarily to record the views and objections of the people. It needs to be ensured that full information related to the EIA is provided to all the concerned citizens. For this it is critical to provide translation of the EIA and relevant documents in the local languages, to conduct the hearing process in local language and to proactively advertise the public hearing to as many people as possible. The gram panchayat office can be used for these purposes.A video recording of the proceedings could be made mandatory and the local activist should be allowed for video recording. Accountability should be built in to the public hearing proced ure. The minutes of the public hearing should be compulsorily available at designed places to be specified in schedule 1 of the EIA notification. The project proponents should be asked to explain during and after the hearing as to how they propose to deal with the concerns raised at the public hearings. It should be ensured that the three representatives of the local people should have demonstrated commitment towards social and environmental concerns.The local communities, NGO s and courteous society groups must be allowed a chance to place their opinions and concerns flat to the expert committee and the MOEF. Although this is partly possible since anyone is allowed to write to the MOEF after the public hearing is announced , an opportunity to make a presentation before the MOEF and the expert committee should be given to these constituencies just as it is given to project proponents and consultants . This would also help the MOEF and expert committees to understand the concerns d irectly from these parties rather than indirectly from the minutes of a public hearing or from a letter.MOEF should incorporate the above points and any others in to asset of guidelines on conducting public hearings to be issued to all state governments, district collectors, and other relevant agencies. 21 Grant of clearance The notification needs to make it clear that the provision for site clearance does not inculpate any commitment on the part of the impact Assessment agency to grant full environmental clearance. The prior informed consent of local communities and urban wards or residents association needs to be made mandatory before the grant of environmental clearance.The consent should be from the full general body, not from the Sarpanch or the head. Minutes of the experts committees meeting and other related documents indicating the rationale for grant of clearance must be made available on request to civil society, at the concerned district head quarters and at the concerne d sub divisional head quarters. The language used for specifying conditions of clearance must be clear and specific. Composition of expert committees The present executive committees should be replaced by experts people from various stakeholder groups , who are reputed in environmental and other relevant fields.The process of cream of those committees should be open and transparent , the minutes of the committee meetings , decisions and advice by these committee should be open to public. Monitoring, compliance and institutional arrangements The EIA notification needs to build within it an automatic withdrawal of clearance if the conditions of clearance are being violated, and introduce more stringent punishment for noncompliance. At present the EIA notification limits itself to the stage when environmental clearance is granted.The MOEF should set up more regional offices, each with smaller areas of jurisdiction, to effectively monitor the compliance of clearance conditions. It woul d be useful to have consultive Expert committees at the MOEF regional offices, comprising of ecologists, sociologists, local community members, government officials and representative of local institutions to help with the clearance of projects at the regional levels and monitoring of compliance of conditions. A robust monitoring mechanism should be established by the state department where the central projects involving forest clearance is given out.Such a monitoring body should be given powers to address compliance of both sets of clearance conditions together and to take punitive action against the project proponent in case of non compliance of any of the conditions. Local communities should be brought in to the formal monitoring and reporting process of the compliance of conditions presently done by the regional offices of the MOEF. This would help 22 the regional office as well since the geographical areas and number of project that comes under each office is vast which affect s the efficiency and regularity of the monitoring process.Redressal The scope of the National Environment Appellate Authority ( NEAA) needs to be expanded to deal with more than just challenging environmental clearance of projects. Citizen should be able to access the authority for redressal of all violation of the EIA notification as well as issues relating to non-compliance. The composition of the NEAA needs to be changed to include more NGO and civil society representatives as well as as professionals from the field of environment.It may thus be necessary to increase the number of representatives that is presently allowed for the authority. The duration of the authority can be three years, after which it can be reconstituted. Capacity building NGO s, civil society groups and local communities need to build their capacities to use the EIA notification towards better decision making on projects that can impact their local environments and live hoods. Capacities can be built to proa ctively and effectively use the notification rather than respond in a manner that is seen as negative or unproductive. 23 Box no -1Acts, Rules and Notifications referred while granting clearance Water The water ( prevention and control of pollution) Act,1974, The water ( prevention and control of pollution) Rules,1975 Air The Air (prevention and control of pollution) act 1981 The Air (prevention and control of pollution) Rules,1982 The Air (prevention and control of pollution) (union territories) Rules, 1983 Environmental protection The Environment ( protection) Act,1986, The Environment ( protection) Rules,1986, Environment ( siting for industrial projects) Rules,1999 Coastal stretches Declaration of coastal stretches as coastal Regulation zone (CRZ) Hazardous process and organisms The rules for the manufacture , use , import, export and storage of Hazardous micro organisims genetically engineered organisms or cells1989 The manufacture , storage and import of Hazardous chemical rul es,1989 The Hazardous wastes ( management and handling)rules,1989 Dumping and disposal of fly ash discharged from coal of lignite based thermal power plants on land,1999. go pollution The noise pollution ( Regulation and control) ( Amendment) Rules, Noise pollution (Regulation and control ) Rules,2000 Wild life and forests The Indian wildlife ( protection) acts,1972 The wildlife( protection) rules,1995 Forest ( conservation),acts,1980 The Indian forest act,1927 Guidelines for diversion of forests lands for non forest purposes under the forest (conservation) act,1980 Ecologically sensitive zones Prohibiting industries in Murud- Janjra area of Raigadh district of Maharashtra, 1989. Restricting location of industries, mining and other activities in Doon valley, 1989.Dhaanu Taluka , district Thane to declare as ecologically fragile area, amended 1999 Restricting certain activities causing environmental degradation at Aravallli Range,1992. No development zone at Numalilgarh , East of Ka ziranga,1996 Order constituting the Taj Trapezium zone pollution( prevention and control) authority 1998 Pachmarhi function as an eco sensitive zone, 1998 Mahabaleswar panchgani region as an ecological sensitive region. 2001 Matheran and surrounding region as an eco sensitive zone,2003 24 Box no-2 COMPOSITION OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1. *The Committees will consist of experts in the following disciplines* (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) 2.Eco-system Management Air/Water befoulment look into Water Resource Management plant life/Fauna conservation and management Land Use Planning Social Sciences/Rehabilitation Project Appraisal Ecology Environmental Health Subject Area Specialists Representatives of NGOs/persons concerned with environmental issues. The Chairman will be an outstanding and experienced ecologist or environmentalist or technical professional with wide managerial experience in the relevant development sector. The representative of Impact Assessment Agency will act as a Member-Secretary. Chairman and Members will serve in their individual capacities except those specifically nominated as representatives. The Membership of a Committee shall not exceed 15. 3. 4. 5. 25 Box No 3 SCHEDULE-IV (1)Process of Public Hearing Whoever apply for environmental clearance of projects, shall submit to the concerned Statedefilement Control Board twenty sets of the following documents namely (i) An executive summary containing the salient features of the project both in English as well as local language. (ii)Form XIII prescribed under Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 where discharge of sewage, trade effluents, treatment of water in any form, is required. (iii)Form I prescribed under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Under Territory Rules, 1983 where discharge of emissions are involved in any process, operation or industry. (iv)Any other information or document, which is nece ssary in the opinion of the Board for their final disposal of the application. 2)Notice of Public Hearing (i) The State Pollution Control Board shall cause a notice for environmental public hearing which shall be published in at least two newspapers wide circulated in the region around the project, one of which shall be in the vernacular language of the locality concerned. State Pollution Control Board shall mention the date, time and place of public hearing. Suggestions, views, comments and objections of the public shall be invited within thirty days from the date of publication of the notification. (ii)All persons including bona fide residents, environmental groups and others located at the project site/sites of displacement/sites likely to be affected can participate in the public hearing. They can also make oral/written suggestions to the State Pollution Control Board.Explanation For the purpose of the paragraph person means (a) Any person who is likely to be affected by the gr ant of environmental clearance (b) Any person who owns or has control over the project with respect to which an application has been submitted for environmental clearance (c) Any association of persons whether incorporated or not like to be affected by the project and/or functioning in the filed of environment (d) Any local authority within any part of whose local limits is within the neighbourhood, wherein the project is proposed to be located. (3)Composition of public hearing panel The composition of Public Hearing Panel may consist of the following, namely (i) Representative of State Pollution Control Board (ii)District Collector or his nominee (iii)Representative of State Government dealing with the subject (iv)Representative of Department of the State Government d